Statistical Evaluation Of The Link Between Intestinal Helminth Parasites And Sex, Weight And Length Of Clarias Gariepinus In A Coastal Community In Okitipupa Local Government Area, Ondo State
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in Clarias gariepinus with the view of quantifying its helminthic burden of Clarias spp in Okitipupa. The study was carried out in three areas in Okitipupa, Nigeria, between the months of April and August 2018. A total of 83 live fishes (Clarias gariepinus) which includes 28 males and 55 females were randomly purchased from local fishermen and were subjected to examination for gastrointestinal helminth parasites. The lengths and weights of the fishes were measured prior to dissection and the parasites recovered were identified. Results indicated that 56 of the examined fishes were infected with various species of helminth parasites, giving a prevalence of 67.5%. Parasites were identified as Procamallanus laevionchus (32.5%), Rhabdochona congolensis (18.1%), Polyonchobothrium clariae (10.8%), Allocraedium species. (3.6%) and Heterophyid flukes (2.4%). The highest prevalence was recorded for nematodes (50.6%) followed by cestodes (10.8%) and trematodes (6.0%). Worthy of note, was the recovery of Heterophid flukes in this study which have not been previously reported in Nigeria and pose a great zoonotic threat. It was observed that fishes of standard length range of 20- 30cm (82.4%) were more infected than those of 30-40cm (65.0%) and 40-50cm (61.5%). The highest prevalence of infection (78.6%) was recorded in fishes with body weight of 500-600g while the lowest (58.8%) was recorded in fishes with body weight of 600-700g. The males had higher percentage prevalence (67.9%) than the females (67.3%). The result of the study indicated that the association (P˂0.05) between the prevalence of infection, sex, length and weight of the host was not statistically significant (χ2= 0.00289, 2.24 and 1.55; degree of freedom= 1, 2 and 5 respectively). The helminths recovered were found to parasitize the stomach and intestinal lumen, the latter being more affected.
Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, Gastrointestinal helminths, Length, Prevalence, Sex, Weight
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adams, A.M., Murrell, K.D. and Cross, J.H. 1997. Parasites of fish and risks to public health.
Revue Scientifique et technique-office international des epizooties, 16(2): 652660.
Adewumi, A.A. and Olaleye, V.F. 2011. Catfish culture in Nigeria: Progress, prospects and
problems. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(6): 1281-1285.
Adeyemo, A.A., Oladosu, G.A. and Ayinla. A.O. 1994. Growth and survival of fry of African
catfish species, Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Heteroclarias
reared on Moina dubia in comparison with other first food sources. Aquaculture,
(1): 41-45.
Ahmad, M.T. 2014. Effect of Mangifera indica L. (Mango) Kernel on Clarias gariepinus
(African catfish) Fingerlings Infected with Aeromonas caviae (Doctoral dissertation).
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, Nigeria. Pp. 1-12.
Akinsanya, B. and Otubanjo, O.A. 2006. Helminth Parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae)
in Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 54(1): 93-99.
Akinsanya, B., Otubanjo, O.A. and Hassan, A.A. 2007. Helminth parasites of Malapterurus
electricus Malapteruridae from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of American
Science, 3(3): 1-5.
Aliyu, M.D. and Solomon, J. 2012. The intestinal parasite of Clarias gariepinus found at
lower Usman Dam, Abuja. Researcher, 4(9): 38-44.
Anosike, J.C., Omoregie, E., Ofojekwu, P.C. and Nweke, I.E. 1992. A survey of Helminths
parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Plateau State. Nigeria Journal of Aquatic Sciences,
(1): 39-43.
Auta, J., Oniye, S.J. and Adakole, J.A. 1999. The helminth parasites of the Gastro-Intestinal
tract of Synodontis species in Zaria, Nigeria. Zuma: Journal of Pure and Applied
Sciences, 2(2): 47-53.
Ayanda, O.I. and Egbamuno, E. 2012. A Histopathological examination of the liver and gills
of Clarias gariepinus treated with glyphosate. Environmental Research Journal, 6(3):
-234.
Bamidele, A. 2015. A two fish species study of the parasitic helminth fauna of Synodontis
filamentosus (BOULENGER, 1901) and Calamoichthys calabaricus (SMITH, 1865)
From Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 17(1): 97-108.
Banyighi, H.A., Oniye, S.J., Balogun, J.K. and Auta, J. 2001. Feed utilization and growth of
juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed heat treated Bambara groundnut [Vigna
subteranea Verde, (L) meal. Journal of Tropical Biosciences. 1 (1): 55-61.
Biu, A.A., Diyaware, M.Y., Yakaka, W. and Rita, D.J. 2014. Incidence of Parasites of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Caught from Lake Alau, Maiduguri, Borno State,
Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 2(1): 74-80.
Bruton, M.N. 1979. The breeding biology and early development of Clarias gariepinus
(Pisces claridae) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa, with a review of breeding species of the
subgenus Clarias (clarices). Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 35(1):1-
Bruton, M.N. 2010. The food and feeding behaviour of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces, Clariidae)
in lake Sibaya, South Africa, with its emphasis on its role as a predator of cichlids.
Transactions of the Zoological Society. 35 (1): 47.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013. Laboratory Identification of Parasitic
Diseases of Public Health Concern (Heterophyiasis). 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA
-4027, USA 800CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232- 6348-Contact
CDC–INFO. http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/, retrieved 1207-2016.
Cheng, T. 1973. General Parasitology. Academic press, New York,USA. Pp 965.
Clay, D. 1979. Population biology, growth and feeding of the African Catfish, Clarias
gariepinus, with special reference to juveniles and their importance in fish culture.
Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 87(4): 453-482.
Coche, A.G., Haight, B.A. and Vincke, M.J. 1994. Aquaculture development research in sub-
Saharan Africa. FAO/CIFA Tecunical, Paper No. 23.
Chilton, N.B., Gasser, R.B. and Beveridge, I. 1995. Differences in a ribosomal DNA
sequence of mor-phologically indistinguishable species within the Hypodontus
macropi complex (Nematoda: Strongyloidea). International Journal of Parasitology.
(5): 647-651.
Dan-kishiya, A.S. and Zakari, M. 2007. Study on the gastrointestinal helminth parasites of
Clarias gariepinus (Tuegels) in Gwagwalada, FCT, Nigeria. BEST Journal. 4(2): 79-81.
Dan-kishiya, A.S., Oboh, A. and Usman, B.I. 2013. The prevalence of Helminth parasites in
the gastro-intestinal tract of wild African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus
(Siluriformes: Clariidae) in Gwagwalada, Nigeria. Research Journal of the Costa Rican
Distance Education University, 5(1): 83-87.
Doreen, Z.M., Chakanesta, C. and Phumuzile, Y. 2009. Observation on the helminth parasite
of fish in Insukamini Dam, Zimbabwe. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological
Science, 5(5): 782-785.
Emere, M.C. 2000. Parasitic infection of the Nile prech (Lates niloticus) in River Kaduna.
Journal of Aquatic Sciences. 15: 51-54.
Emere, M.C. and Dibal, D.M. 2014. Diseases of a (Clarifies gariepinus) fresh water fish from
river Kaduna, Nigeria. World Rural Observations, 6(2): 77-81.
Enas, A., Doaa, M., Mokhtar, Alaa, Sayed, Abou-Elhamd and Hassan, A.H.S. 2013.
Comparative Histomorphological Studies on Oesophagus of Catfish and Grass Carp.
Journal of Histology, doi:10.1155/2013/858674.
Eyo, A.A. and Olatunde, A.A. 2001. Protein and amino acid requirements of fish with
particular reference to species cultured in Nigeria. In: Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed
Technology (Eyo AA, editor). Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) Lagos, Nigeria. Pp.
-71.
FAO, 2010. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Text by Pouomogne, V. In:
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Rome, Italy.
http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspeci es/Clarias_gariepinus/en, retrieved 18-
, 2016.
Faturoti, E.O., Balogun, A.M. and Ogwu, L.L.C. 1986. Nutrient utilization and growth
responses of Clarias lazera fed different dietary protein levels. Nigerian Journal of
Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 1(1): 41-45
Frimeth, J. 1994. General Procedures for Parasitology. In: Suggested procedures for the
detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens, (Thoesen J, editor).
Fourth edition, Fish Health Section, Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society. Pp 5-6.
Goselle, O.N., Shir, G.I., Udeh, E.O., Abelau, M., Imandeh, G.N. 2008. Helminth parasites
of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zilli at Lamingo Dam, Jos. Nigeria. Science World
Journal, 3(4): 23-27.
Hussen, A., Tefera, M. and Asrate, S. 2012. Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of Clarias
gariepinus (Catfish) in Lake Hawassa Ethiopia. Scientific Journal of Animal Science,
(4): 131-136.
Idodo-Umeh, G. 2003. Freshwater Fishes of Nigeria (Taxonomy, Ecological Notes Diet and
utilization). Idodo-Umeh Publishers, Benin, Nigeria. Pp. 232.
Jeje, Y.C. 1992. Post larval feeding of Clarias gariepinus on cultured zooplankton and
artemia diets. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of
Nigeria (FISON), Abeokuta, Nigeria. 16– 25 Nov. pp.129-135.
Keremah, R.I. and Inko-Tariah, M.B. 2013. Comparative study of ectoparasites on Nile
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured under integrated and unintegrated pond
systems. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(19): 2711.
Khalil, L.F. and Polling, L. 1997. Check list of the Helminth parasites of African Freshwater
fishes. Seminar Paper of Department of Zoology/Biology, University of the North,
Sovenga, South Africa. Pp. 189.
Komatsu, K. and Kitanishi, K. 2015. Household Protein Intake and Distribution of Protein
Sources in the Markets of Southern Ghana: A Preliminary Report. African Study
Monographs., 51(3): 157-173.
Lichtenfels, J.R., Pilitt, P.A. and Hoberg, E.P. 1994. New morphological characters for
identifying individual speciments of Haemonchus spp. (Nema-toda:
Trichostrongyloidea) and a key to species in ruminants of North America. Journal of
Parasitology. 80(1): 107-119.
Madsen, H., Dung, B.T., Viet, N.K., Dalsgaard, A. and Van, P.T. 2015. The role of rice fields,
fish ponds and water canals for transmission of fishborne zoonotic trematodes
in aquaculture ponds in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam. Parasites & vectors, 8(1): 1-11.
Massoud, J., Jalali, H. and Reza, M. 1981. Studies on trematodes of the family Heterophidae
(Odhner, 1914) in Iran; Preliminary epidemiological survey in man and carnivores’ in
Khuzestan. Journal of Helminthology, 55(4): 255-260.
Micah, J.C. 1973. Study of fish populations the Ubangi tentative selection and adaptation of
some species has the pond of pisceculture. Technical Center for Tropical Forest, Nogent
Sur Marne. Pp. 100.
Mgbemena, M.O. 1983. Parasitic Fauna of Some Cichlids and Clariids in Jos Plateau. M.Sc.
Thesis. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Jos. Pp. 158.
Murray, A.G. 2005. A framework for understanding the potential for emerging diseases. In:
aquaculture. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 67(2-3): 223-235.
Omeji, S., Solomon, S.G. and Uloko, C. 2013. Comparative study on the Endo-parasitic
infestation in Clarias gariepinus collected from earthen and concrete ponds in Makurdi,
Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2(1).
Onwuliri, C.E. and Mgbemena, M.O. 1987. The parasite fauna of some fresh water fish from
Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology, 2(1): 33–
Oswald, E. and Hulse, J.E. 1982. Fish aquaculture and fish disease in South East Africa,
Report of a workshop held in Jakarta, Indonesia. Pp 79.
Ovie, S.I. and Ovie, S.O. 2002. Fish larval rearing: the effect of pure/mixed Zooplankton and
artificial diet on the growth and survival of Clarias anguillaris (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae.
Journal of Aquatic Science, 17(1): 67-73.
Owolabi, O.D. 2008. Endoparasitic Helminths of the Upside-Down Catfish, Synodontis
membranaceus (Geoffroy Saint Hilarie) in Jebba Lake, Nigeria. International
Journal of Zoological Research, 4(3):181188.
Paperna, I. 1980. Parasites, infections and diseases of fish in Africa, CIFA Tech. Paper, 7,
FAO, Rome, Italy. Pp. 200.
Paperna, I. 1996. Parasites infections and diseases of fishes in Africa -An update (CIFA
Technical) paper 31. Pp 1-220.
Paperna, I. 1998. Parasites, Infections and Diseases of Fish in Africa: An update. FAO/CIFA
Technical Paper No. 31. Pp 157200.
Roberts, L.S. and Janovy, J. (Jr.) 2009. Foundations of Parasitology, 8th edition. McGraw-
Hill International Editions, Boston. pp. 502.
Salawu, M.T., Morenikeji O. A., Sowunmi A.A. and Odaibo, A.B. 2013. Comparative
survey of helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus and Clarias pachynema from the
Ogun River and Asejire Dam in south-west Nigeria, International Journal of Fisheries
and Aquaculture, 5(1): 7-11.
Shukerova, S., Kirin, D. and Hanzelova, V. 2010. Endohelminth communities of the perch,
Perca fluviatilis (Perciformes, Percidae) from Srebama Biosphere Reserve, Bulgaria.
Helminthologia. 42(2): 99-104.
Skelton, P.H. and Teugels, G.G. 1992. Neotype Designation for the African Catfish Clarias
gariepinus (Burchell 1822) (Pisces: Siluroidei: Clariidae). Ichthyological Bulletin of the
JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology, 56(2): 1-8.
Soliman, N.F. and Nasr, S.M. 2015. Metal contents in common edible fish species and
evaluation of potential health risks to consumers. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 3(12):
-961.
Soulsby, E.L. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods and protozoans of Domesticated Animals.
Seventh edition. Bailliere Tindall, London, UK. Pp. 809.
Subasinghe, R. 1995. Diseases control and health management in aquaculture. FAO
Aquaculture Newsletter 9. Pp 8-11.
Williams, H. and Jones, A. 1994. Parasitic worms of fish. Taylor and Francis, Bristol, UK.
Pp. 593.
Yakubu, D.P.E., Omoregie, E., Wade, J.W. and Faringoro, D.U. 2002. A comparative study
of gut helminths of Tilapia Zilli and Clarias gariepinus from river Uke, Plateau state,
Nigeria. Journal of Aquatic Science, 17(2): 137-1.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v30.1.3775
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Ayodeji Samson Bagbe
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.